                           ˿µϣ20161215գ

16.12.11-14ûи
ʫѩͿĨó
ţǽ飺żԼ谣ҵ游
˿¶Feng GanŸϿȡ䣺
Ǭ
͡ѡ



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Σţסԣȣңţģӣ

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졡°Ļҽ
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졡Ⱥɽڴɫ
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һ˵ءһ԰һԺӵΧϵĲͬʿɷľʡ
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Ҳ϶ᡣһǽˣũĴ
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Ȼ˵ǽǽɫֲʱˡ

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Сݡ紺ķ绹ЮźС۵Ҷѿź
̽ССͷ­ǽԼĺһԼΪС
ڵź磬ֱǽɫިһƬ

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ֹϡֶӵžȿֺǽһȦȦ
ȾȥҶĻ÷󡢷Ʒɡʱڣ
ʱв֪ͣǽ౻ҹөŵ
ӯءǽʱǽǽ⣬ʱǽ⡰ǽ
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ȥǽѳһ˵ľ󣬼ͷ˹Ϲߣ
ϹϣС˹ϣ˿ϣ̵ǿϣܿⶹ


죬ټʧǽȴûжߣ¶ؾں
˪֣裬ѩӡҲֻеʱǽݣˬ
վؿ԰ƬŵĹ¼ְء

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ԺΧǽҪ˸оЩůɫˡԺŮǻǽ
ɹ·ɹִӵɽջصĲ߻Ұһԭס
Լصǽװ㡱ɫ˶ʡŮǽ
СӰϰϰеǽǽ˵鲢Ϊ
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ױʱˡ

Ժǰǽǲ̫Ҳ̫ܵġվԺǽ
ӽԶҰҰɽɽ
֡֡ʱ͸ǽСӵɽϹ
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ء԰һũԺΧΧһһǽװ
㡱ǽҲװ㡱ǽ硣

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ټǽˣżȻǶҲѲﳣľ֦
έ˵ȱƵļӵǽȡ֮Ķι̵ġӲġԼ
ĸֽˮṹĸǽˣġǽȻûǽ
ů⣬ȱǽַ豹԰Ϣ

еǣңһˮһ¡Ҹֲĵһ
Ȼڡ

ɴˣסһũũݵԺǰΧǽǽ䵲
絲ܸ꣬೾š

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飻סСԺԼΣԼ飬ԼԼξе
ˡˣˣԺߣԡԡ߹Ժӵķ磬
䣬ƾ棬ǽԶķ羰


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ÿһ嶼ڿΪԼѰһ־ͼڣ

ÿһִŵΪԼһż

ǵبĵĴçҶ˽߳ɫ
Ѩƽԭ߽УԵʶ漴ɷˣżĤҲͬʱ
ˡǣ˶ԹĿ־壬ɽˮļ룬ϵ۵ĳк;

¾͵תǰ쳾ƺһεɫĵ
ÿһһͿԲʵϵۡ

ǣżݳԣΡĽǹͬ
ĵáһϵۣһҪӣ¸ҵԼ

ѰҺżϣȽĶĻ
壬·ȱԾԡȻĴ۾͸Եóغ
׳εԽʧԽأҸõԽסԽݣʧҲ
Խ죬ʹҲԽóˣʮ͵ո
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ļ̨ڣɵȻ

ǵıһ岻˼˵屯磡

ǵıһ߲Ȧʷ

һԶʮƽ٣ʹڵĹبŵĿ
Ĥѹ߹Ĺ켣ǰżҴ
ӽ˻ĲݼżŵС·ߣĴݵȥ׷ִĹҵʱ
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Ů˵ƻĸףΪǶΪǶΪǶ

գ׷塣ϲҮɡ

ʵż֮µܿܿһȻʹħ
ߣȻѪȻɺҲɻ¡ڼԽʧ
ԽࣻԽʹԽءΪǵ
ĽԽŻԽΪһݵ飬Ե˵ǳͲ
ף볾֮еĲûĲֻǱˣץס
˻ᡣҲ㡣ÿ˵һУŮùţ
˾ȻܵھӼȥûΪżˣǡǡ
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ÿһֻҪţʧʱץססԼܻͬóɹ
ͬԳΪĽż

һһ꣬ŷ֣ûʲôżԼ
żԼ


ҵ游һλ

谡

ųڣǼҴһǨӵһ壬游ĸԾլ
游ĸһӣҳҲʮ⾰游
ĸر游ҵӡʮ̡

ս

ڸĸ￪ǰũ壬һũǼ뼯廹ǵɣһ
⡣Ҳ˵Ǽ뼯壬ߵ·ǵɣ
ߵľʱ·ʮũҵ硢߼ũҵ磬ֱ
磬ΧŵɻǼĶһֱûֹͣǼ
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ۣʵ͸𰸡游һ

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1956Ҵתѧĸض顣ı仯ֻ
Ӹײ֪һ游мἰ1959
ĸȥҸ游ȥţТһθ游дţ֪ٽ
ϼҿ˼ҡĸȥಡĸװ游һסԱ
໥Ӧ

游ǰʮˣӹǻӲʡԾ룬峯
еıӣǰӣһжûʲô仯겻С
ӣϸңЦ˵ˣҲûЩүͷӣָ
ףһͳԿˡҸĸСǣ
ĻҲײࡣǼӳģȻѾ
ȥ˼ˣͥԱ֮Ծ˵ǳ

ڶʱ游׸ң游µȥˡ
䣬游ųͷӵ緹֪游ĸÿǵŵ
µظɻ游ʮˣϰߡǰǵɣ
ˣѵԱҲ游游ô磿
游Ц˵ҲԱӳҪs sơ
ԣָ֮ĵġһsƣĽsƣĽ
sơ

׸ң游Ϊ˵İ취˵ʲôҲԸ硣ʱС
ӡӸɲһһż̤ˣ֪˼빤
֪º󣬲Ӹɲѹܴ׵ѹҲܴ󡣸ಡ
ѴְԾǵԱ

游ǳΪ˼ҵѹһ
ӳ˵ǼȻ˵磬ȵжٶԽԣǺã
ͷӾ͸ǹһ칫ֵñҺãҾ磬ҵ
Ҳ硣ӴͷӲΪǣҲΪͷӡ

һйȻӸɲҲԵɣѹ
游ũټ֣ûдȻֺׯǴӲǸյġ
ӺʹӸɲ֪ζ游Ķ֡ӦսУ
ӦսҲУǾͰìϽ˹硣ǵĻ㱨󣬺
ݵ˴ӺӸɲܡϸߣ˵ǵξͣ
Խʶ㣬ԱԹƲ㣬ȱᶨġ
ҪذֺãһҪɻⶥñ£ǰ㱨
Ӹɲǣǿ游＼ĸ߳ǱѹƸϼ֯
˭֪ϼ֯δֵһѹѹȫƸ˴ӡӸɲʱ룬
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ֳһӦ游սĶԲߡ游ֵ޻ѸߣѾ
ˮˣС游ܵĵҲһ޻Щ޻أ
ǷϣͶ룬ص㱣֤ǿ

游˵˵İ취ʹǰһ׮
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һĹصطż죬ȫУѧؼҶԱĸũҵ硣
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ĵ游ĸǷ¡Ը׵ķʮа˾Ų硣׸
ңũ֯飨ҲйС蹤ӡģһʼ游
ĸ飬û˳ˡ游˵ǡѼ಻µ
Ͻ˵Ҷ游ĸԾɱһϣ

ڶ游ĸҡҵʱ游ĸڵɻ첢
죬ҲʲôڼգҵͻȻΪʲôҪ¡
˹ꡢڱȥ֮⣬ƽû游ĸȥǼٵġ
Ǿɫ˸ѣ˵ѧУũæ٣ǡһ
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ũҵѾ˱Ƚȫ˽⡣ƾŶũҵʶ˵ũҵ
취˰취ʹҴһ˵ũҵ˶رЩ
ĸ˷ǳʵġҰѧУ֧αĻ
游˵˵Ǵҵģֲÿ˵ģɶֲԼ
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ġһ˵£һϲͨȻũ壬еũ
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ߣֻںٲμӼΪ޵ļũͶˣڶԱ˼ũҵ
²òʧܡ

Ľ죬游ũҵ֯ĿȻû˿ı䡣뵱ʱ
ýǵص෴вɻô£

׸˵һ游йص£游ԣ
ֵúܴ󣬹㱨ȫصɵģʱͨĻһ
ί֯ίǣ䲻ȷУĵλ֯ĵͬ㹫
ƢࡣǸҧסеġũ
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ϣͰʱˣ游ĵҲͱڡ׹ң
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ȥ游ֵüЦ˵ãá񳯵õģ
һġ

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Ӱ֪˶ãҰϴԼԭԱǳˡҹ۲
һԱǵͶһ޻֪ڸʲôҿ
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游峿µʱյģҶԼҵҶ޽㣬ҲԼ
ֲġʢڼ䣬ÿڲԶһ·ڣѹ
˽ʽġԭǷͽĸǰʮСĸȥ
游һС

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ȵ޽衣ӳ̫ȣҪˮͷ
ˮѣҪ͵ѽ

ʱ˵ǲͬ 

游˵ǰļֵû΢ӡҪͬұ
ӵͳͳͬұȣֵһáͬұŶ
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ڻʾΪ⡣ǣ
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ũҵʵ֮󣬸Ҳͬ游ũҵ廯ʶ
˵Ҫǵɣһˣܸм㣬Ͼͻ
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㿴С޻ݣóͷְΡְεЧȻã
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СҲٺ٣ȫְΡСӵ޻ĲǳƬģְΣ
ʹþͺܲˡСӵ޻ƵҲǸ޻һ
Ⱦ˲ࡣԱ˹Ҵȥ

쵽ռʱںݣȴ游ս£ȥ
͸סһʱ䣬̸սĽ˵游
Ѿǵڶˡ游սǸӱȣ
ֻ游ܵ游Աȡʹӵ޻ĶԾ
ҪʮҪӵһȣǲ̫ˡ˵
߰ʮڹӻ㱨ȥĲٵģ
ӵĲֻ游Ķʮ˵Ҫȥ
Ķ׻ص˵游ӵ޻ģΪ
ʤʲ񲻶ࡣ

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һԳߣµһѧٽʱ籨֪
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游ĸĹҰϡƵݣˮλߣͨһ
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ڴˣڱͳǽ游ĸķĹǨسǹĹΪλս
ˣ׫дһƪĹ־Ըο֮顣

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״ӱӵ̣֪ʶ費ȥóմɡ
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콵δдã㣶ܼݣգ

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游ǰݺԭľ˺ӲһŴ⣬ȫȻ
ӰˣһȥƽչչԭҰϣȻһø߳
ľ˵ڴУľ⵽Եƻ

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ӳС⻹һľȽϼеǷܣһֵĲ
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Ⱥѩ׵İأ׷ڷˮѰЩոշ档
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Ҳ⵽񱨡һҲˣֻõĻ䡣

游ǿʮ׸ߵĴдҵȺĻͦ
ճɢڵʱλ£Դ
Ȼǡ©֮㡱Ե

游ӵϢʱһ꣬ûôû


游վҶ棬ֱֱ游Ȼнʣѳ
˵ûġ˵ͳˣϳĳ⣬
ϸ˵

Թû³游˵ûĹ¡

游游ĸںʡԼãǿӷֱ
ҡ游ĸ˸ÿ³ɼҵĶӼĶһ鷿⣬ûиκμ
ֻڻ鷿ľЩ游Ϊϲ游ĸ
׵꣬游游˵սǺǻȫ¸ϱ
ԣԼˡҲκΰʹҲᡣ

ҷǳ游Ȼ͸˶ԴŮķơ
游ִܵӰ죬ö֪

Щϲ󣬵游ĸһֱϸûпã̳
游ĴͳҸĸɻ꣬˲¡ϲʮ
һһש߷͸ǼҡΪ1941
տܼռҼǰϦΪ˿յҪһָߴ
Էֹαפǵʱ糤˵ȫңѸߴݲ
ˡΪǼҵһֲһǨ¾ʱҪ
һּҾߣǾͿ˼游ԵɣҲǵһζϲɡ

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ǼдγһȻǽߵĺӵߣ
һԼ߿øߴɣɣ仹ȡ죬ɣ
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㣬ҾϲЩʳɣأˮɴˡݵұл
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֦Ҷ䡣֡ȡûԶǱġǰɹȳ
ɹȳǰ԰һÿӿҪʱҾҪȥ
ǰʳӵ

ԼǨ¾ӵһ游Դ˽һ¡ɴˣе
Ͳˣʱ٣˸ΪԼ׼µʱˡһλ
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ڹײģ֪Ϊĸûͬ⡣游ǿڹײľ͸游ǰǽÿȥ
游ңһڸĹײģܾˣͷë
һΣ游ң游ĸµȥˡҶһ˲
Ȧɽ˰졣

1958꣬籩ϯȫũҵľһա游䲻
ԱϼҪ

ʱ߹㲥øȣлҪϰհˣ֧Ԯ
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겻ɣͱԱѺö˶˵޶Ͻʲôø
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һֻޣͷڸǡȻԶԶǵҪ游˼ǰ
һģĳԷһͳͳ˳游ʱѧһųƷɴ
գһũʱӣߴ崮ɴ֯ũƷɴ
ӡƶӣҪϺõĵߡһľʹõĹߣ
ӡȵĹҲһӦȫдƹߡ
游ңôˣЩѾΪˣЩѾ
óˡ˵ӣЩû˼ٷɴˡ游Щ
ƹ߶˳ӡˣһ󵣡
ӵĸɲǷǳˣ游ĸ˵ǾߣҪԱ
ѧϰ

鲢ûеΪֹ

һҹӳ游ĸ˯ʱ͵͵游ĸҵΪ
˲ھĨ͡ȵҹ游ҹʱľ
Ѿֻʣºӱ뷿һôˡ游״С㶼ǰ
ŻЩ˴ֵģǿǿ
ڴˡҪһˣЩĴˣƽʱͺܺ游
׷װνžˡû˵ػ

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緽˰աôõḷ̌

˵սʱÿͳͳˡ

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տռǼǰϦǵαפݵضҪɨΪ
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ԼһЩҪ·ڶϣʹоͨ裬ͨӻŲˣ·
ڶˣͬʱҲճͨѡдʹˡżơ
˳ߺ󣬾ͰѸżϣһеϢ̰Ѹųȥһ
֮Ҫں̵ܶʱڳｨôมţľͷΪʱΪ˱
αפҪߴеӡǴҼһݣ
һ൱ģһ롣һ󲿷ľͷ䣬ǻ
Ǿ뵽ϰյȨóһôüʮ
ʱ䣬׵ؿϰյɿ棬㷺ϰ
ɢľϣԲ˸ŵľ⡣ 

˵ˣӦСһȥˣȴ
ֲ

游˵ĵˡôõ˵Ϳˡ
ˣ֪һ죬˵Ҫˣɶ²ǿһ
ȵСҲ

游ôѵǰװȥ˲ɣ

游˵ǵǵʱһӾ嵥˵Ժ
⳥ġʱҪǸһڹײĵϣͬˡΪ
ţĸԣʱûйײġҺܵȥʱ
ֻǿڹײˡ

ϣ游˵еˡ˵һʱ䣬Ҿ
÷ӽƽϣͿ˰ɡһڹײģľ
ɶóҺŶʮˣʱ䲻ˡһֱ
ЩľɶˣүͷÿнˮʵΪְ𣩣ֵ
ⶼйֻ㻹ڶ飬ˣ㻹𣿡

ҡҡͷ

˵ЩľҪɶѽ游˵˵žȻЦ
ҺŶڵʱǿ嵥Ҳûɶó뻹
ǡһգ˵뵥ôԵ
ףǰ˽ӣʦ˶ƺʹ׵糤
͵Ծɳһˣ  

ʣһˣԱǵ˶⳥

  游˵⣿ɶ⣬ԱԱҲҪ
⣬Ҳͳͳǡũҵĳ⣬үͷӰѼʮĶ
ͳͳ˳ȥãǸˣɶõģֻһ
ϧǵֵź򣩲ءǧ򲻹֣־͹˵Ĺ粻á 

1960游ȥ󣬴ŲһµĹ⾰ӵ׼һС
游游صﱲǣΪ
ֱ游ĸǰӰһöԬͷԪ


ϼҳˡֵ͡䡷

˵游ȻֻƬԪȷе˵游Ŀ
УֵҪĶһǡϼҳˡһǡ
ֵ䡷

游Ϊζ˿أڸ׽游ĸӰԪĸʱ
δἰҵʱԴһŲ֪顣ڸȥһϼɨĹ
Ǳἰ游յ¡Ϊ游ʱڳҹĸĶ
ӣĸøȥ磬ȫ游ĸˡ

1960¡ڣ游ͻȻӱֵܿ
з硣ָϵʱ游ԱѾܲˣҲ޷³˵
ʲô游ֲϱȻײſˣݸʺֽ游ò
֣дԡ游дµԣûбǷǳϧ
ġ

游ԣǴӸ׺ͱֵתУ֪Ĵšۺ
ǣ

˽ηȻȻòʱһɨ֮־壬ң
޻һͲ֮ࡣȴɲΪȪݡ

νҡָǾʱũ弫ȱѵʱӦ
19601963꣬游ûһ죬ȷʵӦҡ⼸仰ԵĿͷ
ڻʱƺǵñȽȷУתʱе֡ӦǱȽ
ӽԭĵġ

Ķͳͳӡ֮δκμҲ
Ļ˵Ǹ޲׼ˡסϼסֵ͡䡷Ҫ
ñ棬һֱȥӡǷǲһ׵ģ仰
תûᵽת仰һصظ˵ȥ游
˵ƵĻǾͽɡҿһ׻ġ

ддţ游ԽԽедʵڲܼȥʴ
л䡣

׿ᵽ˰ҵַ

Ѿ֪游ΣϢϹˣװġ
ҳˡֵ͡䡷ͽ˴

ַ游ӡĸδǴС
ӡҸ˽ӽɽܴùر
൱ͻ˵̹ѧõһ
óźһֱδơҾ游ҺܽԼ
ȥ磬ͰĹ游ģԼ游ȥտ
˼ҡ游˵һ׻ġһ»
ֵ֤ýź󶼸֣һֱ1959Ҹ游дţŵһ
֪׹涨һıǡ桱ź󣬲֪ʲôʱ
Ҳ֪һλʼˡɡǴҶɴΪɡ游ûֱ
ǣҸס֮£һþ游
⡣ӣӳڽź󣬵ĺһɰ
׶µֱȡ

ϼҳˡһڷλ֮䣬ɫ޲š
Ǳֵ䡷һڵܲһ
ڵЩƣǲţƽʱģԴ濴
顣һûѧʱһμ游ȡ
Ҹе棬ߵ游ǰ游顣ѧ֮ǰ£ҵ
Ѿģҳ֮游ҵģҶСʱ¡

游յǰ˵㻹ϵ֣ȳˣ飬㰢
硢һϵˡ

˵ְɡ

游˵ԣ㡣һ䣬͸һ䣺֮
ԱơϰԶ

游û飬Ҿͻˡ游ֱҡʵЩݣѾ
Ǿӡ󡣾游һһңҺܿͻˡ游һ
ңҵ¸ˣ游أٽҡ

游ûӦҵҪ˵񳯾⼸䣬ٽ㡣ͷ
ȥɡ

Ȼ˽ӽʦҵһνӴĿαȴ游ҵġҲ
֪游ҵǡ־Ǿʱ׶ɶҵѧʱ
սӰ죬һǽ˽ѧϰʱ̴˹
ĵطɲ˹ĽԼĺѧʱɿα
عѧõСѧαҪ˽ӽʦΪһѧѧõĿα
游֪ˣڸǰ֪˵ЩʲôӴˣÿѧؼ֮游Ҫ
һΪұѧĿαˡ־ѧˡټա
ǧġȡҶЩģ˵ȤȻ֮»ϲѧõ
αȥȥȥȥѧƤϷһͶȤζ

游δܱԹ˭ȫҪԹ׺Щǡ
ʱ˸סֺ⣬ֱϵӱǾȻһҲûԤ
ǣʹڳ游ҲܱԼã
游ΪβֱϵͿԿһ䡰ӡǷ
ǲһ׵ġ游Զ׿ʶ

ϼҳˡҴСͼÿ죬ﶼҪѶ·
Լ鼮˲ȣͳͳ̯ɹȳέϱɹⱻΪطڰ
һʱһԣ游ͣһᣬҹȥ
˵㿴ǵڷγ࣬Ǹ˲Ĵ١
ʱף֪˭Ϊϲкö
ҵȤ游ϲظҽйڷ͵
£ֱһûȫǡ

1959٣游ط游Сؽһһ̯
έϡѾ֪ѧйʷ֪˷͵ƽһ
Ʒ¥ǡû˵͵£ֻǷһ׸ҿ
˵㿴Ƿȡй涨ģǴֱǲܸĵģ
˾ͳˡڶµ·ǲΥġймҷ
ĹءҽүͷӰֵõֶĻүͷ˵
ڲܸˣ˵Ҳûɶ˵¡㿴˵öɣ
С£治ʲôϴµġ游˵һ£ǰ
ݱҎ˵Ҫ޼ףսδܼȥ1949̫ƽˣ
ݱҵϵѾж˼ʮꡣ游Ϊ֧ף
˵¡׸游ǲ޼׵ģҪ游
ͷ游벻ͨ

游˵ҲҪ׵ģΪʲôҪ޼أ

ҲеĪ游ôҪأ

游˵ǰûгһүͷ͵͵أʱҸ
׼빲ǵµҴ̫̫ţ岮游ĸЩ
ҲһӼǲҾͷ˼׸֮Ҳãү
ͷΪ˹¡Щ£ϲ඼Уʮ׼ȷ
Ҳõż𣿡 

;ʮһϼɨĹصȥִ
ˡϼס¡Ȼͣ״ļѣĿġ
ϧظңǼĸľһѻˡ˵Ҫڣ
һˡġϼҳˡ˸ٵ³ٴ游Ҳϲ
ġ


϶«ˮ

϶«𢣬ũҼ磬ÿÿֵġ游Ǹ
⡣

϶游Ļ˵ǡô֮䣬ԣô
ۣ㣬ԣ˵϶ǲܳ䵱ʳֻͣΪʳ

Ȼ游ĸһŲʳÿֲġֲ
ǹ̶ģǽ·߿һء游˵Ϊ·ʱ
·ĳֳ䵽·ߵĵ˻ڵ
ڲãôԸӲĻأгԻ׵ƹߡһ
Լ糤ĴľͷͨһףвһߦСӣ
Ϳ鳴Ļˡ游Ƶģ뻨ף
Ҳ֥ȡĸĻۣװһֻһЩǣ


һҼ游ڳԻ׷ۣҨһ׸ҳԡΪóԣһԣ
游˵С˲˶ԣҪݣݶҪù⡣ſ
ҿݵ죬֤Բ顣ڷݶùˣԳ
ҲνˣС˻ǳԳ԰ǵĻáӴҲҳǼ
ˡ

«𢣬һƸֲֲ߸ߵģȸҪߡ
֭ᣬֱȸۡеĵطҲйС«𢡱ģǲ
ԭΪö֪һ죬ԭҰϳľ֮⣬ܹһĿ
Ȼľ«𢡣«𢶥˽ѣкڡ֡Ҳ֣һΪףһ
Ϊۻơ«ũսʵƷرܵǵϲ

Ϊ˲«ռһ㶼ֲ﹡Ժͺӿߡ游ͷ
Ƕ«ռãҵ﹡ֵǻƶƶջë
߲ˣĻƶեͻ򽻸ӹأ
游ơ

˵һҪ˳˵һ˵Լڳũҵ꣬
ԱũҪ游ֱȽϴƵĸ
ǿ游˵ǼֱӡΪ
ľƶԼģ۵ľơ游ҹϵǼңȣ
ǷԼһЩͿԱ׻شúܸɴࣺ
һҲ٣մҪڸһ취ģ㾡
ġײ֪㵽ĸ˸游˹ȥ游
мף¡游ϲȾƣϲ̣游˵̲ã
˵ȾƲá£游֪ײǷ游ȾƵġ

1959꣬游«𢡣Դӵҵ֮游
ȡ«ӣһЩ«ӭҵĵʮ˼ңȻûֵһ«
ӡԭʱʳԣҼһ޵أȫʳ
ӵ«𢡣游ܹ«ģ඼һЩ
ҪҸ취ڹ翪ʱ˺üɲֵһ
Сְ«ӡ

Թ游׺һˣǰɹȳ˶֪
һˣöᶼҡ游ȥЩ«дҡ

Ͷ游˵ϣ«ǸӳԵģǲԡ

λ͵ھ˵ȥ«ʲô͵Ķ

游˵Ҵ峯ڣûĳĴ«Ǹϡġ˵
ȥũзԣƶũûзԡڵܹƽˣũƶ
ũҶûзˡҿҿԣû硣

λ͵˵˵䲻Ļڵеǰˣһ
꣬ʮ˼ҵоŻ˼ȱ

游˵мģ쵼ﻹ
úãҪҶʳҪˣҪʳɶ˸˶ͳͳ
ǹ˵İ취ֵֶ٣ũԼ£ӦũԼ
š治ҪӲԹ涨

ũİţ游ж֮ũˮҲ޻
ˮֶ٣ҪӵˮٶǰûʲôԶڵ
ѧԤũΨһĲοǱʱġϻ
ĶԤʾŸˮĶ١ˮ
ʾˮƫ١оǾǾˮԤʾˮ൱ࡣе
ǡвơˮĶ٣Ԥ׼ȷʺܵ͡ԣũ
ϻǿ游ԡԤ⣬ȡĻ̬ǲɲҲ
ȫţøԼľ飬жϸˮжˮٵ
;жֻ֣ǵһ֡

ӵܲзܶࡣÿ＾ڣз׷˳ɣ
ˮ뺣ˮ紦ѡһ죬ڶ괺ůʱӷ
зз׷źӵϣ½ӵӡзǨεΪ׳ۣ
Կ޴ԭǨȡֻڽӽˮĺӿϣı
Сָ׸ǻҪСз׷ȥʱ游ںӰϣ
ӣϸ쿴ѸзȺΪз࣬Ԥʾһˮḻ
֮ˮ١жзǶ໹٣һ׵¡
۲ʱΡӶԼ۲ļ䶼йϵԣ游ԴΪ
жˮѵΨһݡ

ˮٵж׼ȷԵȻҪڡũյĸ
Ҳ͸ߡũҵϵľ֮࣬游˶ޱشڣΨ
ԶԤ⾭飬Ӳ͸¶Ǵ˾ͰЧ游
Լˮ޻ֲ

游ԶԤ⣬ԽڵԤ⣬һ
游Ϣ֮ںϴ裬ץһ㡣ڳʱ游޳
һ߹ǣڿϿ˿˵ҪˡȻڶ
ҹ¡¡һôꡣ

Ҷ游˵б£ܹԤˡ

游һЦˣⲻɶ£ȻˡҪһ
ˮǲŽб¡ˮƹܵģǷûбáһз
ãҲй¶ѽǷĶࡣ

Ϊ游ɵǲµأ˵ЩҲ
ɡСʱ游Щ͵ԸɻҪɻ
Ҹˡһ磬Ҳsƺ游ҪҸµءһ
˵һȥ̵游ͶĻˣﲻ
һˡ

أ游ֻҸ뿳೤һأʲôҲû˵ô
Ļǲöཻġô򵥵Ļﻹǳ˴¡
û룬ͻȻڿҵָںѩ׵Ľ
¶ˡѪ˿ӿ˳Ҳһ游
̸Ϲס˿ڣ˵ңңû
ˬ游ҵ֣ǣӷǰ¯ץһ
ң˿ϣһ޲ңָ֮ͷ
ҪˮȻ˿ھտˣһ㶼ûзסô
ҩãҶ벻ס


    

游ˣΪ˴һص㡣ڶԣˣ
ִ׼ȷ˵ӦʣǼ磬
ʮ֮ġ游ദ游û
ʹùִʡ

游ԴڶԼͶԱҪϡߡΪ
̣һ裬ǲϴͳǹ淶Ϊ

ֵõסԣصΪ淶ĸǺûô
ģȫ游ĸĸԸǼѣ첻Ҫôˣ
Ҫġ

ϲģǵԡֵǣС侭游ĸ
ˣʱ

һΣ游ҺھӼһﺢˣδ
ķһѶȥ÷顣ңǰνžܡ游̴
Ǻ˻ܣҽһܺ¡Ǽ
𣿡

Ϊûм游ôɫ˵֪«ʲôҩ
ﲻ֪롣游ָһĺʣ𣿡Ǻ
һһʹصͷ游ָָĺʣأ
һ£ûпϣŵͷ游˵ãǻؼȥ
үȥһӣѧϡϿɺءܵ棬Ҫ
óûó²Ҫ档𣿿ؼȥǷ׷׷ҲƵ
ˡ

˼죬游Ū˲ӣĸҽϵķһ
ЩңҲʼϡҺĸϣֻרŸɣҶѣι
ɣҶɳȣȫĸװ졣ĸϣкܷḻϾ
顣ڲɣҶҪѧͽ֣ӵȸߣ
ϲ֪ȷʵһͯȤĻҶ˵¡
ÿһҺĸѧУһصңæϵ¡ϼǮ
ǮѧϰƷð·ƯñǨ¾Ӻ
ȻҼûɣվɡҺĸ͵ûϵ˼ɣϲɣҶ
Բɱ˼ҵɣҶǼһϰס游˵ϼȺá

ڴ游ֻҪģũʱֵʱ
ԣ͵ˣͻֱӿһ档Ϊ
ˣСС游ʮ־η˴游˰
ˡ

游ڽֵܶˣԴӸĸ֮󣬷ּҸԶּʱ
˵ļҲȵģû꣬ϴ϶ԳƶĲ
۳Կڣֻӣܵȴӣϴӹúܼ
ͣܵܡܵܲӹúãһͷţǸţũæʱ
ũʱţĥ˼ӹ۵ȡ游嵽ϴͷϴ
ָϴ͵һϴ͵游Ҫź
ڵɷֻɷϴ󽥽ϰԣׯڲ
ǸգһϴӸѧһգһѧ
˼ݡһѧ˲ˣһ˵Ӿͳ˵ܵһҡ
ºҶһƪĿġ

˵游ˣ˵¡

˵游ˣǲ˻İ˵ġһ游سǹ·
ǼңɸҪȥ￪ᣬͬС;Уһ
֪ΪΣ游ͣ½Ų쿴һλˡȻ󣬸
ιλ磬ҿҲСˣô˰
ߺ˹ȥز游λˡǸͣ
游ʴ󲮣ҪôŶ԰游ӹеĳͷһ
ʾһ߽⣺ͷʱһʱͲҪˣ
ˡʱҪֱҪͬʱȶҪͬ
ʱ˾ʡˡԣ

ллָ̣˽ӹͷ˵˵ұǳˣ
ǰ仧ġ

ѽ˴硣ô˲ſʼΪˡ

游벻ףص·ϱ߱Ϊɶô統ũ
񣿡

ûи游˵ʲô˵˵ҲŪ

ãǰְĸ֢ʮںȥΪ
˷ǳˣǰ˵벻ǰߡ
ڰڲĸȥݸҸ硢ӣҪ
¾Ͳȥô硣߶׷ʱ¡

1939ľҼ硣ǵͶĵһ֪ʶ
ӣ˵һ糤ڸμ֮󣬸ĸ䷢һ
¡ֵö࣬ûûҹ⹤еչ˲ĸ׾
ڸǰ˵Ѵ˷˿ڽǡ븸׾Ȼִĸһ
⡣ĸΪ˰ᣬ뱻еĸˡĸ׷£ĸ
˵ԭίĸοĸף¸游游
һΪ²ܾʹ˰ݡ

游ȵҵһλʶĸ糤λҪ糤
ΪѣǽίҲȥǱ籾ˣǸ׵ѧ
׵糤Ҹ׵ͨԱãϽ
ΪָԱΪίǡǡ游Ϥģȥ
ί

ǺܿؽӴ游á游ľ˵
һЦ˵ϣǹȥϰ߳ƺΪ£ʲ
ô˵¡ѽ֮䳳ܣ̫ƽˡϣȥɣ´
Ҹ˵һ˵

ǾȻ˵Ļʹ游ʧ游˵ӵô
С£ڼܴӣͿ޷졣Ȼǹ
ֻүĻȥˡ游˵ˡ

һֱ游͵⣺ϣſģҪ

ϣǶ˯֮游Ѹĸ׽е游ĸң
˷šתף£

壿

Լɶ£㲻ã˸̶֥٣صʹ


һΪ£ͨһ

Ҫǰǰ游סΪ£
ﶼȥˡ˵ǼƽС¡ҵʱͶԲ˵Ȼ
㣬үô飬˵˵
˵Դӵģ

Ҵˡ˵

ĸҲòУԸ˵ΪԶ£ԼԼ
⣡

ĸļҽʵҲǺġ

ž״ԼһǶ⡣

Ȼ游ĸҪ游˵Ǵ⣿ӵȥ
ˣ

ŸϣصžžžشԼĶ⡣

ĸͻȻ۵һһץס˸׵֡׳˵ĸ
ϥҲˣҴˣԭ£ӽҲˡ

ײλӣ˵һֱĸ뿪磬Ҳûз
˲£ڽǶδйڵɲڼ䣬ڿ
ңֱˡ

һϼɨĹʱʶҵˣһҶĴָҸǸ
ɲ游һˡˡһλʱĴӸɲҲҸ
ѧ˵ÿμңҪңɲԼӦõ
ģǧҪԼﴧ˵ѧҸڴﴧĶ
ְ֣ΪʲôҪرңΪǴӣкüθɲ£
ңҪȡѵ˵̰ˣҲû֪
½һᱻ˷ֵġ

رңϰղλˣϣ
ҲҪѽҺܸ˿ܻؼɨĹ


˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס



Feng Gan

һ 

޶ԼеΪԺ֮һһֺõĲ
㴿о˵ȷʵˣԴҲ̹Ȼܡ
Ͼһڳ˼άĴԣΪѾǾ޴Ķͣ
ִѷˣҲǺܹƽˡԣСʱΪԼ
עһõ˾ÿÿͬѧĸʻ
ػټ٣ǳĽҲȻһ˿Ŀ־塣Ȼʱ
֪𿪳Ǹ鷳顣

Լɴһ·ʻԱת䣬˳
õļգܹڳʱǩ֧ƱˡһֱԹ
УѧϰʽԼڿյķʽһֿ־壬ԼǷ
ָͨĿԣȻ˳õաȻһжô
ףʱ򶼲ġϾΧҲ·ߡ˴Ҳû
õգоͬʦֺһλѧķˡ

ҪѧῪģѧĵطġҲ
ɣ޶յʱʵҵһ̩׼ҵعҪѳ
Ҳ˳ˡһѩֶڵؾ⳵
ΪѾֶĳˡ򳵺Ҫͬʱص
޶ģͬʱ̸ܶ࿪ľ顣޶μסһ仰
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Ǭסססססססססססססססססססססססססססס





1968ұҵһ洬ýӴһҽ洬
ɵڴֵȥİԱ˵ǡͷαѧͻ
ͻͷʲôԱֻܲά޶ѣҵͼֽ
֪ͷѧ򷢶ĸڼͼݹţ顱
ͷ޴ɲ顣ƫƫʱձɽʽ򣬽
ıѳǰԴճʷ

һ

չ̺ܳƶ뷢ͯˮͲصĽ
ϲ1712ԭʼֻˮִϵӦ
1782صġתʼͷɳǴڻĹ̾ߣ
ĻܹһĿȻ¯¸ѹƶ˶
ͨˡʮͷҡˡʹתʡȴʮͷҡˣ
Ϊ֣Ǿܹͨ

ú

1792Ӣ÷ʵƳúúͿ
ıع¯ֱúȼѹƶ1860귨ŵú
ʵһ롣ҵʱأ1800꣩ڵ綯
1821꣩ڵŸӦ1831꣩׶Σúɵ
͸ӦȦĵȼסˡָ
úհᣨŵ˻߶ûѹ̣
ֻǼģ¡

ѹȻܸȼЧܿչо1862귨ɳ
ĳ̹ѭԭɨã̹ѭҲ֮γɡ1876
˰дƵĳú1881Ӣ˿Ƴú
мصĵһ̨úɹݾͰ1908

ͷ

1854÷󷽷ʯ͡ú͡͡úڷ
Ӷʵã͡򱻺ӡ

ע⵽ͼ׻ӷЯͱúö࣬ǿ
ȡú1883¹˴ķͷͨ͡
ΪϵĿȼ壬׺ѹ̽ӽʱ𻨵ȼ
1884Ӣ˰ͷʹ˻ŵ
ȦͲ

;õȼʣʹתٴߡ
λ빤״̬ŵʱ𻨴СڵǷǳɡ

ġ򷢶

ʯרѰµԽͲٶ⣬еרѰ
Աȼȡ͡ǻеרҵĲ죬1911׼ʯ͹˾
Ƴѻ֮ǰ򷢶ͷ

1885Ӣ˹ͼȼ룬1891˹
ȸӹ˾Ƴɹ򷢶hot bulb engine׸Ƕ
οǻʱǻȣþƾƣ700ϣ絽
ǻڱڷͬףѹʱȼձ
ת״̬ǻĸάܼ֡ʱ
洬׼ʱҪǰ𣡡·ʱ¯
һ㣩ԵתУѵѵĽײúԶһ
ŵǿʹò͡͡ջ͡ʯ͡͵ȡ1915Эͬ
ͻƳйһ̨򷢶ĺ洬ձ
ձ

塢ͷ

¹˵ӷ۳ը뵽ԲȼȲ͡Ӵѹ
ʹγɸ¸ѹ500-700棬40-50ѹѹĲͨ
ϸ׳״̬ڸ¸ѹзȼռ͡1897
תɹǲͻҲư
semi-diesel engineͻвѹͱáľ
˹˾1924Ƴ

úѵ䣬ͻͻǷǷȴһ
õĴ⡣ͻܿΪԻ͡ӰԶ
ɹͻλ˥ͼ۸񲢲Ȳ͸߶٣ӹ
ʹ÷ΧĽǶҲ˵⡣Сʷͻѷͻ
ֱЯߡЯվģֳ͡һͧΪͻڴʷ
棬ͻĶھ򡪡Ȼսĩ綯ɻսӢ
սɴ¹Me 262ս1947۵B-36ըװ6̨
4000ͻֻ״ͻƺ1200ͻ
ֱ50ǰͻ1ףĴòͻ10

ȼ

ȼǲͻ֮Ķ׶ΣúҲȼʯ
ΣȻȼչıҪʹԴ
滷ҺȻLNGѹȻPNGҺʯLPG
Ĺ淶ƷȻҲΪȼӿṩ˷㡣

úͻͻϸλͻһ
ǵȼʽϺףͻһѹȼʽ
ѹ͸ѹȼȼĸƺûУȼеȼ
ʽѹȼʽȼϺףҲпѹȼ
ѹסȼֱвͻͻ졢Ͷ
гͻװߡ

ͻͻɹǰ£1963ʿʩκ߶ʽ
˵ǽͻͻԵҪػϣɼʮϷ
޳ԲһһвƣĳЩгɹáȼ
ΪҪؼ뵽ͻͻҪصĴϣôȼ񲻾ǻ
ʽ



2008Ҵ׼˴͵̫ԭկƺӴŽƫؾʱ
ê˾³Ϊ鿴绰ǰ꣬һһС
ЯġߵȻԹʵģϺܿųʹǵĳ
ط˾³ˡˡ緢Ľ
ʻԱˣ޳ᣬ۷ԭƪСǵ
ģ෹ǲɡ


͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

ܸ



żһգгһ˼Ұ̯ġˮĽɫͷףҡͷ
β˰ҲĶͷ麣ѧϰѵ÷һԼ
βȥַͬʱ˽ҿ
ȸҪСʣһһۣӴ
㡣

ؼ·ϣͻȻ⡣ǰҲؽ㣬ûã
ȥǵúӿ֡ԹֺܲõңЩ㣬ѵ

һӱЦңɵ㲻ǲɶʱС
һʱȦˡǰѧڼ鱾û˵Сģզϡ
Ϳϰ崫ҥأĪˣ

׻ԭǸϴϴ̣ΨֻԭȵĻ
ϴˮһԵסսȥͻֱײܲ
ӦҺܵģȥǻ᲻ᱻӲײײԴҲ֪
˶ãͣˡġ׵ģ̬Ϣ

Ůѧ˼¡ˡŮ۾һ
Ьδֱܵǰſڲ輸ϣһ۲գؿ

ڶ죬ϰ˵ĻӦˣƿȸȻʼСˡ
ӡЩôأôأС
ӴӵĹֵҺͺӼͬʱ嵽ǰֻ
Сڵ㣬һһġգۼ䣬βֻһڵ㣬ţ
һòҴսǰϸǺڵС۾͸
Ѻˮ

㻹˵С㣬ôͣҴ˵һΣһʱ
ȻǡֽϵվǳŮӲʵŮǰҲ


̹̻ڳŮʮˡ

ʱԻԾǷ׷ճС硣
ȻŮ̳С㣡ҶٿȻһСڴ
ǰʧˡУҪǸϿֿӻæ⡣
֮£겻õĴ̻Ҹףʰɾˮִ
ԸĴ㣬תͶ˽ȥ

϶ȥС㡣ףƿȸ㲻ˣֻȺ
Сε֮Ϯͷǰ㾭ġһæ
ΧѰңǲҲ˹ܵĶȥأ
ѰҷΧǽǵҿѽӲĿȸ㡣ɨأ
ʲôˣɨԭѽӰû
ֵؽšٲãҲĿʶ㰡˵

Ůϰһ̵ûС㣬һǴŴĵӡĩˣ
ء桱ǣҪһͺûꡣӶһߣš
ֱͷ

ȻС㻹ڼ٣мȥƯˮϡԱ
ҸһֱĴ㣬ܿͱ̽ӡӰ˺ӣ
ӺܲҲ̡ҵı⵽һУֻס졣
ǲʱҰ½С㻹ι˴㡣С˹Ȼ
ŶƤĴҲȥСȥι㣬ܱʬҰмֵɡ
ҰοԼ

ιС㣬ûо飬ǰǱιġϰ˵
ɴɶιǲġŮÿÿԷʱ䣬ͳҪ
ˣ̫˵֮Ļһʱ䣬ҸоԼԵķʧȥζ

һȥС粢ԽԽ٣ŮҲʧ
ȥۿȸǳˮףβͼ֧Ųٰڶһ
Ҳûеӡ˭Ҳȥ˵±Լġѻ족С
ˣֶȥһС㱦Ϊ¶

ƺܽ׳ҲǽŵЩСջ
ͣѲ̻Ҹ

פһˡŮ͵͵õιǣǿ
ģһֱûнҴǶ㣬һͨġȥǵ
һ¡Ͼֻǽ㣬޷鹵ֻͨףԸһ
ϧ

ŮҪбҵҪԶǵĺǻԶѧʵȥ
һᡣ֪ᲢһԸļ򵥣临ӣΣ
ǿ͹۴ڡ׵Ľȱֱֱۣǰ
֮ŭţӦи׷ƵĶƸСŮ鳤ֻ
Լ֮⣬η껪̩˵
ʧȥ̫ᣬҲʧȥȺǡ

ǵģúЩҲˡ


ȺҰѼ



سǶϣӽ㴦ˮһʪع԰˵ȺҰѼ
פʪأɺ˵ڴ˷ܼʪع԰ʱ


˵ӣǹȥ¡ͽˮӣڵˮܹ
Ŵĳˮ֮ˮȱͺٿբŹˮ׻һӵɰ
ʯӵǳйˮˮսʽ΢ɽϪԺӵĻ
϶ŷˮЩˮڴ˿ۼγʪأ
һƬ«έһƬɻ«έҰɻͦΡէˣ
ɷۿʶԽҪסڱǡ

Һͺ档ʪĴضɽ
һСľд䣬Ӳܲ͸ӣ˵
֮һա

֮ʣСˮһٿֻС
Ư˹ںģСȭͷСĪǾҰѼˣΪʲô
䣬ȫеӴ󣿡쿴ҰѼӣһӴС
ǵĳǣСˮϴ˸תͲˡ

Һܲġڶһ磬ֱʪضȥСδ
С֡Īǻû˯ѣҴͷɥ뿪ʱһ
ʪرϣһǰĺӰԶУСͶһС
ɵӰҾԶţһˮī

·ݴ󺵣ˮϸ΢ûˮʪѲΪʪأ
ص̱һˮۣ¶ѡС̹¶飬ȫյϡ
Ƭ«έҶҲôŵ΢ơСҰѼأĪǿˣæס·
ĹԱѼܵ«έǾϹ԰һ
ߵأִѰ«έһδڵż©һ
ˮ棬ҲŰ׹⣬ʲôҲҲ

תһ½Ƭ«έѳ򣬴ܳ׸ߵӣֱͦͦ
ţҶֳֿ໥ӣʵʵҪӵռӡ
ˮ«έҡԴΪ˱ǹӣһš
ǲһĸ߿ţõһСӣϾ
һЩʯ̧ߵˮһһʯ϶䵽«έ
 

ûѰҰѼѲʯϡɡѰ߲Ȼʧ

Ѯһ£﷢˴ˮɽӵ
һҹƬ«έϤѹɻ˵ڶ죬ȥԶ
Ũҵζ׸ߵ«έ˿̿رˮڵأûһ˿
ҷ«έͷ΢΢ǿ쳣ҪͷȻ䣬Ⱥ
ҰѼǻǷһ٣

Ҽæߣʯ԰ûѼëߡ
źӱߵһθǽһСˮݡϲԿۣǿͦ
ţûˮߡһԶе༹ʳˮ档ʱһ
Ӱˮ֣һӹˮ棬ӽ༹һӰˮݡ
۾˿ȥޣˮҵİƴСҺɫϸ
ȡֻֻһֻ߰ˮխխˮ䡣ҰѼ
ӡеѼӷʴӷף·һҡһڵġǰȺ˿
ɣ˿ӷףеֻӯ鶯ʱһλԱҸæ
ֽ˵ǾҰѼԭʪ󺵣ҰѼ
«έԡδ꣬«έͣҰѼֻ÷ɵ

˽ȥԭ̬ѼӣǵһΡںˮĺˮ
һһʳʲôôȻʹ༹ëҲһһۡ
ˮȻûǣ

«έֱԭһƬ

ţεһ꽵٣ȴδ䡣
ʪع԰·ϣйشˮĴŲڶôԶǷü
ˮҵŭԽǵĽŲԽǰһĻ̫ˡֻ
ʪһտˮ·ڡֵˮͻĴ
ǵĵ̰ͷϿǸСŵʯѱˮ޷ͨС
«έԵȻ޴棬ȫںˮ档ҾĵƬӱˮݾȻڡˮ
ڣҰѼȻڣһֱοԼ

òÿգҸæȥȺҰѼʱˮڡ
«έƽչչɵɻǲлҶʹȻǴˮ
ɳһֻһؿݺϡŶǲҰѼ𣿽м
ֻˮɵȥڸҰοƣ
Ǻأɰ˶İɣۿһȺġ

ȺҰѼҲǴʱӵһѼӣǵ
ǴʪСһ·Ǩ«έԣ̨ˮݴҰѼһߣĸ
ԸNoȲѡƵǵռԽԽСҲ죬
«έڣɻɣȺҰѼȴˡ

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